Executive Summary Adipose tissue in obese horses is not a passive energy reserve—it functions as a biologically active endocrine organ. Expanded fat mass releases adipokines and cytokines that reshape insulin…

Executive Summary Endocrinopathic laminitis is increasingly interpreted as a receptor-mediated structural failure of the lamellar attachment system rather than a primarily inflammatory hoof disorder. The strongest upstream driver is insulin…

Executive Summary Hyperinsulinemia in horses is now widely recognized as a primary driver of endocrinopathic laminitis, the most common form of metabolic laminitis associated with insulin dysregulation in horses and…

Executive Summary Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) remains one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders affecting aging horses, with current epidemiological estimates indicating that approximately 20–25% of horses over fifteen…

Executive Summary The modern understanding of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) has evolved far beyond the earlier concept of simple obesity in horses. Today, EMS in horses is defined as a…